Poster Session #3 |
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Tuesday 10/27/2009 01:30 PM |
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2008 West Virginia Camping Research Report |
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Presenter |
Jennifer Shirey |
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Co-Presenters |
Kelly Hicks |
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Category |
Youth Development |
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Difficulty |
Introductory |
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Abstract |
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4-H Camping is one of the cornerstones of the WVU Extension Service, and is a “point of pride” for which the state 4-H program is known nationally. To evaluate the camping program, WVU county 4-H Extension educators administered two surveys, 4-H Camp Life Skills Questionnaire and 4-H Camp Questionnaire, at their 2008 camps. These surveys are part of a Camping Tool Kit developed by the National Camping Research Consortium. The 4-H Camp Life Skills Questionnaire measures development of the following life skills: accepting self and others, accomplishing goals, and taking responsibility. The 4-H Camp Questionnaire evaluates whether the camp itself contains one or more of the elements needed to achieve positive outcomes in youth. The essential elements that are measured include: opportunity for a relationship with a caring adult, opportunity for learning and mastery, and emotionally safe and inclusive environment, and physically safe environment. The 2008 data from the Camp Life Skills Questionnaire indicated that West Virginia 4-H camps are addressing the life skills that can realistically be developed in a camping setting. The 2008 data from the 4-H Camp Questionnaire indicated that West Virginia 4-H camps are including activities that lead to the development of positive assets in youth. |
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Tuesday 10/27/2009 01:30 PM |
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4-H Animal Science Resources and Partnerships |
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Presenter |
Paul Kuber |
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Co-Presenters |
Lucinda Miller |
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Category |
Youth Program Development |
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Difficulty |
Introductory |
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Abstract |
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The experiential learning model allows individual learners to build upon personal experiences, share those experiences, and process new information, enabling them to generalize and apply newly acquired information for future applications (Kolb, 1984). Educational curriculum in the form of 4-H resource handbooks, project and record books, and online activities designed for youth enrolled in 4-H animal projects enhance the experiential learning model. National Breed and Animal Industry organizations also provide youth programs that enhance the 4-H learning model. This seminar will focus on introducing participants to the various 4-H animal sciences curricula that have been developed throughout the nation for the purpose of disseminating technical information written for youth audiences relating to livestock and companion animal projects. Participants will also learn how organizations such as the American Rabbit Breeders Association, American Kennel Club, American Meat Goat Association, American Quarter Horse Association, and National Pork Board work to enhance 4-H members’ knowledge of their animal projects. A panel of Extension professionals and Breed/Industry Organization representatives will share animal sciences curriculum and programs available to 4-H members. Participants will engage in activities to enhance their 4-H animal sciences programming. |
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Tuesday 10/27/2009 01:30 PM |
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4-H Robo-Kids |
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Presenter |
Sally McClaskey |
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Co-Presenters |
Ronald Sanderson |
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Category |
Youth Program Development |
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Difficulty |
Introductory |
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Abstract |
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Robo-Kids is a 4-H project club that is a hands-on learning program targeting students in grades 3 -6, and based on 4-H Science, Engineering and Technology (SET) mandates. This age-appropriate, project-based experience is designed to help youth learn fundamental engineering and technology skills by building and programming robots. Successful teams have the opportunity to compete at the Ohio State Fair Robotics Invitational. |
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Tuesday 10/27/2009 01:30 PM |
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4-H Wildlife Habitat Evaluation Program (WHEP) |
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Presenter |
Jennifer Mercer |
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Category |
Youth Program Development |
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Difficulty |
Introductory |
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Abstract |
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The National 4-H Wildlife Habitat Evaluation Program (WHEP) is designed to teach youth about the fundamentals of wildlife science and management. The National Invitational is open to senior 4-H members. Junior 4-H members are eligible to compete at county, regional, and state events. Natural resources management is learned through participation in WHEP and the associated educational programs. Additional benefits include development of life skills, oral and written communication skills, critical thinking skills, and learning to work as a team while meeting other young people and professionals from around the country who have interests in natural resources. In this program, youth learn that management for wildlife includes management of habitat and populations. The National WHEP manual provides for learning wildlife habitat management concepts in both urban and rural settings and to prepare participants for 4-H natural resources competitive events. The handbook and activities are focused not only on increasing knowledge in the wildlife management field, but also in developing skills in applying that knowledge. The contest addresses these concepts with the four activities below: 1. Wildlife Identification and general species knowledge quiz. 2. On-site recommendation of wildlife management practices. 3. Written wildlife management plan. 4. Oral defense of written plan. |
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Tuesday 10/27/2009 01:30 PM |
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4-H2O - The West Virginia 4-H Water Quality and Conservation Initiative |
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Presenter |
Chad Higgins |
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Co-Presenters |
Chad Higgins |
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Category |
Youth Program Development |
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Difficulty |
Introductory |
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Abstract |
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The new partnership between National 4-H Headquarters and Toyota Foundation provided the opportunity to explore water quality and conservation via 4-H SET programming in West Virginia. Because Toyota has a plant in West Virginia and 5 other states, the company is seeking avenues to enhance the quality of living in its host states. A $75,000 Toyota grant (Co-principle investigators: Chad Higgins and David Hartley) will provide an opportunity for 11 county 4-H programs throughout West Virginia to develop a yearlong water quality and conservation program in their local communities. West Virginia 4-H is utilizing three County Clusters to examine the impact of manufacturing (county cluster 1), mining (county cluster 2) and agriculture (county cluster 3) upon the state’s vital waterways. Program objectives include increasing the knowledge of 4-Hers and community populations concerning water quality and conservation issues in the state; enhancing skill development of participating 4-Hers, promoting concepts associated with the scientific method; and promoting watershed protection. Conduits for the educational program include the 4-H club and after-school programs and the 4-H county and state camping programs. The 4-H County Clusters are infusing the Wonderwise environment module entitled “Urban Ecologist” into their educational programming as well as the new National 4-H environmental project book. |
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Tuesday 10/27/2009 01:30 PM |
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A Partnership AgVenture |
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Presenter |
Jo Williams |
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Co-Presenters |
Regina Kuhn |
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Category |
Partnerships |
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Difficulty |
Introductory |
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Abstract |
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Create an AgVenture of fun and learning in your county. This interactive session will show how to partner with local organizations such as Farm Bureau, Soil and Water Conservation Office, Farm Credit Services, etc., to create a day of hands-on fun and learning for elementary school youth. Ag Adventure Day has been held for the last five years to promote the importance of agriculture in everyday life to youth. The 4-H Educators collaborate with their local Farm Bureau office to host the day-long activities for more than 500 youth. Participants in the session will get to rotate through a sampling of the activities used during Ag Adventures Day, as well as learn the ins and outs of how to organize such a large-scale event. The Farm Bureau Director they work with will provide insight from the non-4-H side of the event. Attendees will leave with the teacher packet given to each class that attends the event, as well a variety of promotional and planning pieces to be taken back and adapted in their communities. |
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Tuesday 10/27/2009 01:30 PM |
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Animal Magnetism: Curriculum to Meet Your Livestock Educational Needs |
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Presenter |
Kathleen Booher |
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Co-Presenters |
Joy Sharp |
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Category |
Youth Program Development |
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Difficulty |
Introductory |
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Abstract |
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Are you looking for animal science resources to better serve 4-H members with livestock projects? Maybe you are uncomfortable with the subject of animal science and are seeking resources to enhance your competency in the subject matter. Whether you have some or little knowledge on what is available, this is the session for you! Learn about the animal science curriculum and resources that are available across the country. Meet with state specialists and extension educators in a roundtable setting to discover what curriculum is offered and how these resources can be used. Materials will vary from resources that are species-specific to curriculum to assist in the teaching of Livestock Quality Assurance. We welcome your ideas as well on what has been successful curriculum for you in your teachings. The Ohio-based team of presenters from the animal science task force/programs committee will provide a list of animal science resources to each participant attending the session which will include publication purchasing information. By the end of this session you will have explored a wealth of resources to assist you in the World of Animal Science. |
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Tuesday 10/27/2009 01:30 PM |
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Camping Goes Special |
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Presenter |
Connie Goble |
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Category |
Youth Program Development |
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Difficulty |
Introductory |
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Abstract |
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“4-H is for everyone”, but sometimes accessibility issues prevent multiple handicapped youth the opportunity to attend camp. Being a typical kid is what it’s all about and it is no different for special needs youth. Being handicapped doesn’t mean you don’t want to do all things that typical children do. The 4-H multiple handicapped camp is designed with special needs youth in mind and is tailored to their needs. Special needs youth need the availability of a camp which can accommodate their varying medical, physical and emotional needs. Experiential indoor and outdoor activities include such as; environmental activities, fishing, crafts, music therapy, outdoor education, aquatic skills, campfire and self-reliability. The camp provides additional stimulation through an outdoor setting utilizing sensory, auditory, physical and mental abilities; to build sustained relationships with caring adults; and to provide staff with programming skills that will help them more adequately address the unique needs of youth special needs. Not only is camp for campers, the caregivers are given opportunities to share with each other and learn about other avenues of care for their children. This camp touches many lives and is a great example of what Extension and 4-H can give back to their communities. |
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Tuesday 10/27/2009 01:30 PM |
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Camps Not My Thing But I Have a Quality Program |
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Presenter |
Billie Elmer |
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Co-Presenters |
Bryan Branch |
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Category |
Youth Program Development |
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Difficulty |
Introductory |
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Abstract |
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Participants in this workshop will learn how to develop a quality camping program year around even when camping is their least favorite part of 4-H Youth Development. Through the guidelines of the Virginia camping program, participants will (1) receive handouts and useful tools in the written form, (2) role play and participate in team group work (3) share in a participant problem solving session including real life scenarios, (4) participants will create and leave the workshop with an outline of a camp they would like to implement in the next 12 months. Often 4-H Agents, especially inexperienced agents feel overwhelmed with the task of planning a quality camp. This workshop will give helpful and useful tools to the experienced and inexperienced camp planner lessoning the fear and dread of “summer camp.” This session will be very interactive using several modes of delivery to enhance the training time. |
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Tuesday 10/27/2009 01:30 PM |
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Creating Lasting Change: Leading the Charge for 4-H Program Revitalization and Renewal |
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Presenter |
Sharon Kinsey |
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Category |
Organizational Systems |
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Difficulty |
Introductory |
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Abstract |
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Change is an inevitable factor in any professional domain and the 4-H Youth Development profession is no different. However, initiating and leading organizational change requires a unique skill set where leaders must effectively assess various organizational factors. This can range from the barriers to change to the triggers or causes for change all the way to a lack of common vision, culture and mission among stakeholders or the need for updating organizational structures, processes and competencies. This workshop supports the professional development of 4-H Youth Development Program faculty and staff in the core competency of organizational systems. Attending to the foundations of a viable 4-H Youth Development Program is necessary to deal with our constantly changing world. Adapting to and leading organizational change is simply part of an Extension professional’s world, but there is a skillful way to initiate and enact change yet provide some organizational stability when stakeholders need it most. With some knowledge and skill, 4-H professionals can work to integrate positive change into their local youth development program. Change can mean renewal, revitalization and a recommitment to the organizational vision and mission. |
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Tuesday 10/27/2009 01:30 PM |
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Defiant Gardens |
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Presenter |
Holly Sakowich |
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Co-Presenters |
Jeremiah Maxon |
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Category |
Youth Program Development |
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Difficulty |
Introductory |
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Abstract |
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Learn how to start a community supported Defiant Garden in your county! In this seminar, you will see the results of this innovative pilot program for developing social capital and military community awareness through Civic Ecology Education. During the seminar, we will assemble container gardens to send to deployed soldiers and share slides of actual gardens, evaluation results, and read gardening success stories written by student gardeners to their deployed service family member. Defiant Gardens is a Civic Ecology Education project piloted in Jefferson County, N.Y. and across the state as a partnership between Cornell Cooperative Extension, Cornell University, local school districts, and veteran's organizations. The project used community gardens as a vehicle for generating social capital, intergenerational partnerships, ecological awareness, and community support of deployed soldiers' families. |
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Tuesday 10/27/2009 01:30 PM |
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Easin' Down the Road |
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Presenter |
Karla Knoepfli |
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Co-Presenters |
Cathy Allen |
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Category |
Youth Program Development |
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Difficulty |
Introductory |
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Abstract |
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Want to learn what the 1983 movie Vacation and Oklahoma 4-H have in common? Join our Road Trip as we discover and develop life skills and Y.A.P. on the open road. Learn how we have used an ammo box, atlas, passport, beans and even YouTube to pave our Holiday Road using a positive youth development model. Oklahoma 4-H values the importance of celebrating the people, places and events that have shaped our organization and state. Youth and adults piled into cars, vans and buses in an effort to honor, celebrate and envision the practice of leadership, citizenship and life skills development on the 4-H Centennial Road Trip. As we will share, no road trip is without detours, potholes and road closures. Participants will return from their NAE4-HA Road Trip with a CD packed full of memorabilia, pictures, passport and an atlas which will assist in replicating the program at the club or county level. |
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Tuesday 10/27/2009 01:30 PM |
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Engage in Life Skill Development at a Day Camp |
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Presenter |
Kelly Hicks |
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Co-Presenters |
Jane Jopling |
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Category |
Youth Development |
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Difficulty |
Intermediate |
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Abstract |
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“Engage in Life Skill Development at a Day Camp” It is essential that we provide healthy, outdoor activities that teach kids about healthy outdoor behaviors and engage them in conservation programs that provide positive stewardship modeling. We must engage our campers in outdoor activities that allow them to connect to nature and develop a love and understanding of the outdoors. Two different day camp programs will be highlighted. Both camps engage campers in hands-on conservation programs, field trips, healthy lifestyle activities, and hands-on workshops with professionals. To support the best practices of positive youth development experiential outdoor day camps were created with the following objectives for youths in mind: • Engage in healthy outdoor activities, • Gain knowledge about the environment, • Increase youths’ knowledge of conservation topics and responsibility to the environment Campers participated in a survey to evaluate the impact of the program. The survey revealed that campers (1) increased in knowledge related to conservation and environmental subjects; (2) gained life skills, and (3) planned action. |
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Tuesday 10/27/2009 01:30 PM |
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Engaging Youth in the Curriculum Development Process with Technology: The Nebraska State 4-H Youth Curriculum Committee |
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Presenter |
Michelle Garwood |
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Co-Presenters |
Patricia Fairchild |
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Category |
Youth Program Development |
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Difficulty |
Introductory |
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Abstract |
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Research and best practice emphasizes that youth voice is critical to developing relevant and successful youth programs and materials. Nebraska 4-H provides a successful case-study model of a statewide youth curriculum committee. The mission of the committee is to provide direction and support from the distinct perspective of 4-H youth for product development, marketing and evaluation aspects of the Nebraska 4-H Curriculum program. The committee of 12 youth ages 14-22, is independent of, yet interconnected with a parallel committee of Extension staff members. Synergy was generated when the youth were mentored (virtually and in-person) by members of the adult committee. Technology is changing the way youth learn and lead. This poster also illustrates the use of an online community and virtual conferencing to help youth in the decision-making process. Utilizing technology resources proved to be the key to building a vibrant, innovative and inclusive program that could overcome the barriers of time and travel constraints. Youth members are currently exploring ways to teach other youth and adults about 4-H curriculum utilizing technology. |
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Tuesday 10/27/2009 01:30 PM |
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Exploring Climate & Environmental Change with New Jersey Teens and Rutgers University Scientists |
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Presenter |
Janice McDonnell |
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Co-Presenters |
Rachel Lyons |
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Category |
Youth Program Development |
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Difficulty |
Introductory |
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Abstract |
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Rutgers Cooperative Extension’s 4-H Youth Development program conducted a Climate & Environmental Change Summit (C&EC) for New Jersey teens, as part of the national Science Engineering and Technology (SET) initiative. The goal of the three-day program was to increase teens’ knowledge and understanding of climate change science and insight into how Rutgers University scientists are involved and contributing to climate change research. Teams of 3-5 students from 12 schools from three NJ counties (total 50 teens) and 6 faculty and graduate students participated. The program brought teens and scientists together to learn about climate change and collaborate and engage in planning and implementing climate change related service projects in their local communities. The summit combined the expertise of Rutgers scientists with that of the 4-H Youth Development program to provide teens with both scientific knowledge and the life skills required to improve their understanding and application of knowledge wisely in their personal life and in their role as active citizens. In this session, we will share strategies and best practices for designing, implementing and evaluating an interactive program involving teens and scientists. Participants will receive a tool kit comprised of materials and resources for replicating this program. |
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Tuesday 10/27/2009 01:30 PM |
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ExxonMobil Bernard Harris Summer Science Camp |
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Presenter |
Robin Galloway |
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Co-Presenters |
Mary Arnold |
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Category |
Youth Development |
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Difficulty |
Introductory |
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Abstract |
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In 2007 and 2008, the Oregon State University (OSU) Department of 4-H Youth Development partnered with other OSU programs to deliver a two-week resident science, technology, engineering and mathematics camp. The camp supports economically and/or socially disadvantaged students with limited opportunities. One hundred and eight middle school students, from diverse ethnic and geographic backgrounds were selected from over 900 applicants. An $80,000 grant from the ExxonMobil Bernard Harris Foundation provided full scholarships. Classroom and field activities were included. Campers worked in teams to select a research question, carry out a scientific investigation and analyze the results. Teams presented their research at a public program. Campers also produced individual posters. Evaluation results show that through participation, youth increased their abilities to use science process skills and their connection domain on a positive youth development scale. A condition of receiving the free scholarship is to participate in a longitudinal study of the campers’ academic progress. Evaluation measures include: Science Process Skills Inventory, and Caring, Connection, Character & Contribution subscales from the Positive Youth Development Inventory. Extensive pre and post tests are given at camp. Results have been published and show significant positive changes in camper’s future intentions toward science, engineering and technology careers. |
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Tuesday 10/27/2009 01:30 PM |
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Food Allergies in a 4-H Camp Setting: Prepare your 4-H Program to Successfully Accommodate Youth with Life Threatening Food Allergies. |
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Presenter |
Lisa McCutcheon |
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Category |
Equity, Access and Development |
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Difficulty |
Introductory |
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Abstract |
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Often times we do not fully understand a medical condition until we, or someone we love, are diagnosed with it. While food allergies are gaining a great deal of exposure in the press, many have little understanding of the concerns expressed by parents of children with food allergies and how to handle them within a 4-H setting. This interactive session will take participants on an adventure into the world of living with food allergies and how to safely handle this concern during 4-H camp, club meetings, field trips, and while participating in various youth activities. Participants will better understand food allergies, how exposure to allergens often occurs, and the reactions that can be caused by exposure. Participants will receive materials and reliable key resources recommended by respected medical professionals to assist them in safeguarding the youth with whom they work. Insights gained from this program may assist you in saving a life. |
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Tuesday 10/27/2009 01:30 PM |
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Food Challenge |
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Presenter |
Sarah Womble |
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Co-Presenters |
Sarah Womble |
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Category |
Youth Program Development |
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Difficulty |
Intermediate |
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Abstract |
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The 4-H Food Challenge, similar to the popular television show Iron Chef brings fun, learning, application of knowledge and skills and group competition together at one event. Youth must make a dish with only the ingredients provided, no instructions. At the end of the event the participants must be able to communicate to the judges: steps to prepare the dish, key nutrients and their functions, relation of ingredients in the dish to MyPyramid, cost, and food safety concerns. In the past few years there has been a decline in the number of youth participating in the Food Show. The food and nutrition project teaches youth essential life skills. It is crucial that youth and adults are educated on healthy living because, not only is the nation’s obesity rate rising, but so are incidents of other health related problems, such as Type 2 Diabetes. Research proves that such conditions can be controlled with proper eating and physical activity. The food and nutrition project is a method not only to teach youth but for them to teach others about proper nutrition. In response to the decline in participation, a new competition was developed for 4-H members, where they could apply their current knowledge, develop their skills and teach others. The results of this new concept have been outstanding. We are increasing interest and participation throughout the State of Texas in this project! Please join us in our session to learn about the Food Challenge and how it has revitalized this very important 4-H project! We will share results and provide you with a resource packet to create your own event when you return to your home state! |
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Tuesday 10/27/2009 01:30 PM |
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Global 4-H Network: China |
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Presenter |
Judy Taylor |
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Co-Presenters |
Betsy Knox |
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Category |
Partnerships |
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Difficulty |
Intermediate |
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Abstract |
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In our multi-cultural country and global economy, it is increasingly important that children understand their own and other cultures. One does not just enter a foreign culture and return with complete understanding, especially when the other culture is very unfamiliar. That’s one reason why three states, who were independently beginning 4-H efforts in China, came together to learn from each other and share those insights. In this workshop, participants will hear about Michigan, Iowa, and Illinois’ recent China experiences and how the lessons they learned will influence future work in China, influence their daily work, and provide benefits to 4-H programming in the U.S. and China. Participants will be engaged in hands-on activities to learn about cultural factors needed to program effectively in China. They will also learn about a new tri-state partnership and how they can become involved. The three states compared the similarities and differences of their experiences and of the various settings and partnerships they encountered. Each state has similar goals but worked in different provinces, with different demographics, and with different partners (government, universities, and businesses). Plans for evaluating the initiative and insights for working with IRB in two countries will also be shared. |
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Tuesday 10/27/2009 01:30 PM |
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Goods From the Woods |
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Presenter |
Beth Nichols |
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Category |
Youth Development |
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Difficulty |
Introductory |
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Abstract |
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The Washington County 4-H Youth Development Program has adapted a program called Goods from the Woods to enrich Kindergarten students learning as they review the parts of a tree, discover products that derive from trees, which parts of the tree produce the products, and develop an appreciation for how trees affect our lives daily. Learn how trees can be planted and re-grown in an endless cycle so that we can enjoy the many benefits they provide -- clean air, clean water, recreation, wildlife habitat and products -- both now and in the future. |
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Tuesday 10/27/2009 01:30 PM |
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Helping our Youth to be Money Smart! |
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Presenter |
Lani Hall |
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Co-Presenters |
Kimberly Gressley |
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Category |
Youth Program Development |
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Difficulty |
Introductory |
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Abstract |
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“Teaching Our Youth to be MoneySmart!” is a financial education and service learning program that was funded through a grant from the State Farm Youth Advisory Board. The youth involved in the program were in grades 6-8 and came from predominantly low socioeconomic families and various cultural backgrounds. The program teaches financial management skills and developed service learning projects within two different rural communities in Arizona. The youth developed skills ranging from interview preparation to wise investment strategies. This program reveals the methodology utilized when incorporating a Life Skills based evaluation tool. The workshop will introduce pre and post-survey results for the program. Along with the program results, participants will be involved in successful lessons of the classes and have hands-on access to curriculum, service learning projects that were developed and the “roadmap” of the entire program from beginning to end. This is a practical, research-based program which has been shared with both school boards/administrators with great success. The youth of today are in need of these types of programs and our society realizes the vitality and necessity of the program’s objectives! |
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Tuesday 10/27/2009 01:30 PM |
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High Octane Camp Gets Kids Moving Towards A Healthier Lifestyle |
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Presenter |
Marcia Meador |
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Co-Presenters |
Jeremy Johnson |
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Category |
Youth Development |
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Difficulty |
Introductory |
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Abstract |
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According to the National Institute of Health, the number of children who are overweight has doubled in the last decade. Currently one out of every five children is overweight. Childhood obesity is now so prevalent in the United States that it is being considered an epidemic. 39% of Virginia’s children are overweight; the national average is 14.8%. High Octane Camp, an interactive residential camp for youth 9-13 years old was conducted to promote positive life skill development in the areas of nutrition, wellness, and physical activity with 31 campers and five teen participants. Youth selected hands on activities: healthy cooking, healthy snacks, and recreational activities. All food served during the camp included healthy choices with reduced fat, sugar, and calories. 28 participants completed the final assessment which indicate: Mastery - 64% (18) felt confident making a healthy snack on their own; 57% (16) will spend more time doing physical activity ; Independence – 93% (26) indicated they tried new activities; 82% (23) will be more responsible for themselves by taking care of their personal health; Belonging – 75% (21) felt more comfortable with themselves; Generosity – 79% (22) will treat people who are different from them with respect. |
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Tuesday 10/27/2009 01:30 PM |
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Increasing Parent Volunteer Participation in 4-H Youth Development |
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Presenter |
Deb Jones |
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Co-Presenters |
Linda Skogrand |
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Category |
Volunteerism |
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Difficulty |
Introductory |
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Abstract |
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Volunteering for educational and youth organizations is a high priority with the American public. It is the second largest segment of the over 61 million adults who volunteered in the United States in 2006, double the number in 1989. Researchers have found that adults volunteer because they have a child enrolled in the program. With this premise in mind, this study explored reasons why parents were not actively volunteering with a youth program. A qualitative study was conducted by interviewing parents with a child in a youth program but who were not enrolled as volunteers. Findings indicate that parents look for a program which offers a safe, fun, learning environment, and one which is organized and welcoming to family involvement. Once these elements are evident in a program, parents are more apt to volunteer their time in support of their child’s involvement. Implications of these findings for parent involvement are provided. |
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Tuesday 10/27/2009 01:30 PM |
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Leadership Skills Developed in Camp Counselors |
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Presenter |
Stefanie Duda |
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Category |
Youth Development |
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Difficulty |
Introductory |
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Abstract |
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Without the inclusion of camp counselors in the 4-H residential camping experience, most summer programs would not take place. These youth serve a unique role. They hold supervisory positions over groups of campers during the day and night as well as participate in the educational programming. Whether intentional or not, leadership skills are developed as a result of this experience. In order to maximize the potential for youth to gain and develop these skills, research was needed to isolate the factors that contributed to this growth. Results of this study of Florida 4-H camp counselors found that time practicing leadership and group facilitation skills during the week of camp led to an increased ability to perform these skills. Age and years of experience as a camp counselor also led to higher levels of ability to perform. Results indicate that counselor training programs need to be designed with the intension of helping youth learn about and understand leadership. This knowledge will outfit youth with the confidence needed to step up and practice these skills, leading to an increased ability to perform. |
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Tuesday 10/27/2009 01:30 PM |
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LIGHTS - CAMERA - INTERNET : 4-H Photography Leader Training |
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Presenter |
Georgene Bender |
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Category |
Volunteerism |
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Difficulty |
Introductory |
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Abstract |
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According to National 4-H Council over 70,000 4-H photography project books have been sold, making it the number one requested publication. 4-H currently does not have a leader or helper book for this curriculum. A pilot training was designed to teach adult leaders how to use the 4-H Photography project materials. (Lippert, 1998) indicates that the internet offers great potential for staff that eliminates the time and cost of traveling to attend a face-to-face training. 24 participants from 22 counties (of 67) including the Seminole Tribe attended a six-week e-learning (WebCT) course at University of Florida Extension with a weekly hour web-conference class. WebCT Inc. is the leading provider of integrated e-learning systems for higher education. Over 27 colleges and universities across North America use some type of WebCT system. WebCT is used primarily for online quizzes, readings, assignments, and to post grades. Participants were 100% female and largely between 40-50 years old. Most participants rated their skills as basic understanding of cameras and photography and had a small digital camera. Only 6 students had Single Lens Reflex (SLR digital cameras). 100% participants indicated they want to take Level 2 Photography through this method and 100% indicated they would recommend the course to others. The course added 24 new photography leaders and added 176 youth. Leader who experienced the course as adults report confident in teaching it to youth. |
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Tuesday 10/27/2009 01:30 PM |
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Make Your Money Work Hard |
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Presenter |
Kathy Gordon |
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Co-Presenters |
Joanne Hamilton |
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Category |
Youth Development |
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Difficulty |
Intermediate |
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Abstract |
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Making Your Money Work Hard is a program which has many components. The main part of the program is a Powerpoint presentation. There are many hands-on activities which help youth understand the importance of setting goals, organizing their records and saving money to make the most of their hard-earned dollars. Saving money is an important component in reaching goals. The program is designed for middle and senior high school youth and their parents. Eventually, everyone must know how to manage records and pay bills. Everyone would like to achieve financial security. This workshop will provide a background on where and how to start using basic life skills that the 4-H Youth Development Program encourages. At some point, it focuses on all the life skills: decision making, acquiring knowledge, personal responsibility, creative thinking, communicating, understanding self, and getting along with others. |
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Tuesday 10/27/2009 01:30 PM |
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National 4-H Green Camps Initiative |
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Presenter |
Sharon Anderson |
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Co-Presenters |
Leslie Hyde |
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Category |
Youth Program Development |
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Difficulty |
Introductory |
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Abstract |
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4-H camps offer a unique opportunity for America’s youth to be taught and to practice sustainable living by means of an immersion experience, with supporting curricula utilizing the experiential learning model. 4-H has a nation-wide network of residential facilities where youth and adults can learn to live responsibly and in balance with the earth. There is unrealized potential for 4-H campers to experience a week of healthy, low-impact, “green” living complemented by environmental education and nature-based experiences using existing materials. A “green” (or sustainable) 4-H camp would provide hands-on opportunities for exploring sustainable facilities (such as buildings), systems (such as local food from gardening to cooking to waste composting), and lifestyle behaviors (such as shorter showers). After campers learn by doing, 4-H youth would be encouraged to model their new behaviors at home, and to catalyze family discussion about greening the family lifestyle and footprint. |
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Tuesday 10/27/2009 01:30 PM |
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National Robotics and GPS/GIS in 4-H: Workforce Skills for the 21st Century |
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Presenter |
Kathleen Morgan |
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Category |
Youth Program Development |
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Difficulty |
Introductory |
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Abstract |
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This five year endeavor aims to expand the successful Nebraska-based Robotics and GPS/GIS in 4-H: Workforce Skills for the 21st Century project to a national audience. The project will bring the innovative Robotics and GPS/GIS in 4-H curriculum and resources to youth ages 10-15 across the country, with the objective of continuing the Nebraska project’s success in increasing students’ science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) achievement and interest. Through the program, youth in 4-H clubs and afterschool programs complete an intensive comprehensive curriculum. Activities include building and programming robots, using handheld GPS devices to explore and collect information, and the development of geographic information systems (GIS) maps. The program provides over 300 hours of instruction to be taught over two summer camps and two school years. To support the Robotics and GPS/GIS program for clubs and afterschool groups, the scale-up project includes these key components: a newly-developed educational robotics kit with programming software, innovative curriculum for youth and accompanying educator’s guide, professional development opportunities for informal educators, delivered through a tiered train-the-trainer program, annual national 4-H robotics virtual competitions, camp-in-a-box organizational resources for camp coordinators, and an innovative cyberinfrastructure to support youth and adults throughout the program. |
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Tuesday 10/27/2009 01:30 PM |
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Nebraska Diamond Clover Recognition Program |
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Presenter |
Gary Bergman |
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Co-Presenters |
Deanna Karmazin |
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Category |
Youth Development |
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Difficulty |
Intermediate |
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Abstract |
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Nebraska 4-H has a new 4-H Recognition Program! The new Nebraska 4-H Diamond Clover Recognition Program encourages 4-H youth to engage in a variety of projects and activities leading to development of competent, caring and contributing adults. The program contributes to youth development through improved self esteem, enhanced goal setting, life- skill development, encouraged lifelong learning, and positive adult partnerships. Adult volunteers now possess a recognition tool to increase achievement opportunities, promote leadership development, and serve as a 4-H retention and recruitment incentive. Local communities will benefit from 4-H members engaged in community service-learning projects and development of civic pride. Session participants will learn how Nebraska used research based knowledge to develop and introduce a statewide 4-H recognition program. Session presenters will share and discuss the major components of the Nebraska 4-H Diamond Clover Recognition Program and highlight how it was packaged for easy implementation. Each session participant will receive a Nebraska Diamond Clover Program CD that outlines the program in detail. |
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Tuesday 10/27/2009 01:30 PM |
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On your mark…get SET ...go! Improving your SET professional development toolbox |
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Presenter |
Lisa Rothenburger |
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Co-Presenters |
Pam Garza |
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Category |
Youth Program Development |
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Difficulty |
Intermediate |
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Abstract |
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Imagine you are in the process of planning your staff and volunteer SET training workshop to help prepare 4-H youth to be interested in science, engineering and technology. You know it is crucial to prepare staff and volunteers with the competencies to open these doors and refine these skills with the youth we reach. You recognize that it is critical to imbed the essential elements as well as the SET content standards into your training. And, you need to add science content to your training. To top it off, you will need to accomplish all this is a 3 – 6 hour training! Being a 4-H Agent allows you to test the limits of your creativity and potential – but this brings you to a new level. Fear not…we are here to help. The National 4-H SET Professional Development Team has developed tools that will enable 4-H staff and volunteers to create outcomes based upon the essential elements of youth development and the SET content standards. Attendees of this workshop will design their own professional development workshop utilizing the SET competencies and matrix to achieve success. |
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Tuesday 10/27/2009 01:30 PM |
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Prepare our youth: Windows to Asian Cultures |
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Presenter |
Vietfen Kuo |
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Category |
Youth Program Development |
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Difficulty |
Intermediate |
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Abstract |
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When the world is getting more “flattened” (Thomas, 2006) and our society is getting more diverse, no doubt people should adjust their paradigm to be able to fit in successfully. As youth development educators, what might be our strategies to help young people cope with the rapid changes and prepare them for their future success? Although professionals working with youth realize we should prepare our children for the future, we often come across difficulties of grasping the gist of such education as well as getting good resources to use. This workshop will introduce and discuss about the essence of multicultural education with focus on Asian cultures, effective strategies in such education, and one pioneer tool – Windows to Asian Cultures. Participants will get heads-on and hands-on, grasp perspectives, and take home with useful ideas and resources. |
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Tuesday 10/27/2009 01:30 PM |
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Promoting Cultural Diversity and Competency in NAE4-HA |
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Presenter |
Mignonne Pollard |
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Co-Presenters |
Philllipa Myers |
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Category |
Equity, Access and Development |
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Difficulty |
Introductory |
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Abstract |
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The NAE4-HA Diversity Committee presented membership with an on-line self-assessment to help benchmark our levels of cultural competencies. This poster presents results from that survey along with additional resources to support extension agents on their journey towards understanding “self” and “others”. Using a survey instrument based on two a diversity climate surveys (Penn State, 2007 and Georgetown, 2006) this unique tool captures the areas of competencies outlined by the Professional Research Knowledge Competencies (PRKC) in the areas of Equity, Access, and Opportunity. This tool is designed to guide the professional development of Extension agents in the area of diversity. A handout with major findings and additional resources will be provided during the poster session. |
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Tuesday 10/27/2009 01:30 PM |
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Recruiting the 21st Century Volunteer |
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Presenter |
Bryan Terry |
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Co-Presenters |
Lori Wiggins |
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Category |
Volunteerism |
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Difficulty |
Introductory |
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Abstract |
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Recruiting sufficient numbers of volunteers, for some, has been quite a challenge (Rodriguez, Hirschl, Mead, & Goggin 2000). The ability to recruit volunteers is an essential skill of a successful volunteer program. Successfully recruiting volunteers involves (1) understanding the specific goals and objectives that are to be accomplished and how volunteers will be involved; (2) developing volunteer role descriptions that create a compelling reason for why a volunteer would want to be involved; (3) knowing where to find potential volunteers; and (4) engaging potential volunteers without scaring them away. Although all four elements are essential in recruiting volunteers and will be discussed, the focus of this workshop will be where to find the 21st century volunteer and how to engage and involve them in a 4-H program. Using a variety of teaching methods participants (1) will learn and be able to use two techniques to find volunteers and (2) will learn and be able to develop a strategy to engage potential volunteers. Each participant will receive a workbook of all materials presented in the workshop including a recruitment planning guide. The planning guide can be used to replicate recruitment techniques for other 4-H program initiatives requiring volunteers. |
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Tuesday 10/27/2009 01:30 PM |
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Retention Challenges and Workforce Skills of Rural Youth. |
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Presenter |
Jeff Dick |
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Co-Presenters |
Jason Hedrick |
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Category |
Youth Program Development |
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Difficulty |
Introductory |
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Abstract |
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The concept of “brain drain” and the lack of youth retention in rural areas across the country are well documented. We are in a state of declining population, declining job opportunities and the subsequent decline of positive rural community perceptions among youth. This multi-component study will explore the levels of youth work force skills, what variables influence these skills and what variables play a role in the perceptions of rural communities. The data from this study shows that females perceive themselves more prepared for the workforce than males in all areas except technology yet express a concern for a lack of cultural experiences in rural areas. Males perceive themselves less likely than females to return to their communities work-force, etc. Methods of programmatic intervention can be implemented in hopes of improving these rural youth retention trends and bring back the “best and brightest” to our rural areas. |
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Tuesday 10/27/2009 01:30 PM |
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The 3 Rs and the 3 Hs: The educational foundations of the 4-H program |
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Presenter |
Jan Scholl |
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Category |
Youth Program Development |
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Difficulty |
Introductory |
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Abstract |
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The 4-H organization has utilized the four Hs (head, heart, hands and health) and the motto and slogan: "Learn by Doing" and "Making the Best Better" for more than 100 years. This historical study sought to find out how these terms and phrases came into being and how they were relevant to educators in the early 20th century. The study was conducted after 2002, the year of 4-H centennial, when several historical documents were located, indicating that the 3 Hs (upon which 4-H was based) were as well known to educators as the 3 Rs (reading, writing and arithmetic). Primary sources and secondary sources, dating from 1850 to 1930 (several years after the first national 4-H conference and final determination of the 4-H pledge) were compared and additional information found relating to 4-H's educational and program foundations. |
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Tuesday 10/27/2009 01:30 PM |
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The Diamond Clover Award |
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Presenter |
Dan Tabler |
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Co-Presenters |
To Determined |
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Category |
Youth Development |
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Difficulty |
Introductory |
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Abstract |
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The Diamond Clover Award was created to give 4-H members recognition comparable to that of the Boy Scout Eagle. The award was modeled on the Eagle considered by many as the "gold standard" of youth awards. The Diamond Clover was developed and implemented by Maryland 4-H in 2003 to recognize outstanding 4-Hers. The award consists of six levels that grow in size and difficulty as the 4-Her acquires life skills. The member develops an annual plan and enters into an agreement with his/her club leader. At the end of the year the member and leader evaluate how well the member accomplished his/her plan. Each level is identified with a gem stone beginning with Amethyst and ending with Diamond. Level Six requires a major service learning project that is guided by a Diamond Clover Committee that helps the 4-Her plan, conduct, evaluate and report on his/her project. The Diamond Clover Committee includes the club leader, the 4-H agent/educator and one to three active 4-H volunteers who are not family members. The goal is for the Diamond Clover to become a national award that will eventually be held in the same high regard as the Boy Scout Eagle. |
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Tuesday 10/27/2009 01:30 PM |
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The Influence of Youth-Led Research and Community Action Programming on the Positive Youth Development Outcomes of Competence, Confidence, Connection, Character, Caring and Contribution. |
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Presenter |
David White |
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Category |
Youth Development |
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Difficulty |
Intermediate |
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Abstract |
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Changes in youth development are taking place. The underpinnings of developmental contextualism provide the necessary person context environment necessary for positive youth development and its functionally valued behavioral outcomes of competence, confidence, connection, caring, character, and contribution. Youth participation in community evaluation and research, as a moderator of positive youth development and outcomes, remains a relatively underdeveloped field of practice and subject of study and relatively few studies exist that have evaluated youth civic engagement. To what extent the training of youth in community evaluation and change processes produce the functionally valued behaviors is the purpose of this study. The study collected survey data using a quasi experimental, longitudinal, non-equivalent comparison-group design. The treatment consisted of an intensive weekend training in youth participatory evaluation and action programming. This study indicated there was no significant difference in the outcomes between the treatment and comparison groups. The training alone was not sufficient to produce the outcomes expected. Performing appears to be a critical and necessary component in the promotion of developmental outcomes. Chances are the youth sampled were deeply engaged in the program which presented them with the person context necessary to suggest they are on a trajectory of thriving and well-being. |
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Tuesday 10/27/2009 01:30 PM |
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The Jump into Foods and Fitness After-School Program |
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Presenter |
Edward Werner |
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Category |
Youth Development |
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Difficulty |
Introductory |
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Abstract |
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This poster session will present information on the importance of daily exercise and balanced diets on overall health. This after school program began in 2005 with 20 fourth grade students from Carlin Elementary in Ravenna, Ohio participating. Curricula used included JIFF (Jump Into Fitness and Fun) from Michigan State University and “You’re the Athlete” from Ohio State University Extension. Research indicates that close to 40% of grade school students are overweight and/or do not exercise or eat healthily on a regular basis. The goal of this program is to change student’s knowledge, attitude, skills, and action in these areas. Evaluation was done by a post pre and post survey and informal feedback from program participants. This poster session will feature many photos, a detailed program description, a summary of the program evaluation, and a comprehensive multi-page handout. The goal of this poster session is for anyone to be able to easily replicate this program in their home counties. |
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Tuesday 10/27/2009 01:30 PM |
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The Lost Ladybug Project |
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Presenter |
Leslie Allee |
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Co-Presenters |
John Losey |
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Category |
Youth Program Development |
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Difficulty |
Introductory |
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Abstract |
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Over the last 20 years the number of new ladybugs in the US has risen sharply. During the same period, several of our native ladybugs important for controlling pests have declined. The nine-spotted ladybug (Coccinella novemnotata), New York’s State insect, has not been seen in New York for 16 years. To better understand these troubling trends The Lost Ladybug Project needs your help; this is an opportunity for children to be citizen scientists. Although specific in nature, our ladybug project addresses the broad human need to make a difference, to belong, to matter, and to achieve, four themes of positive youth development. We need children (and older folks) across the country to go outside, look for ladybugs, and send us photographs of the ladybugs in their area. Find out more about how you can help at www.lostladybug.org. |
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Tuesday 10/27/2009 01:30 PM |
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The positive side of conflict |
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Presenter |
Germaine Pointer |
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Category |
Organizational Systems |
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Difficulty |
Introductory |
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Abstract |
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The presence of conflict does not have to result in negative outcomes. Webster's definition of conflict is, "competitive or opposing action of incompatibles". While conflict represents incompatible views or feelings on a particular subject, it does not demand that relationships be broken or end. As humans we have the choice of how we will handle conflicts. If handled correctly, conflict can bring about greater understanding in a situation and help those involved to see an issue from a different perspective. This presents a wonderful opportunity for growth in all participants. There are two vital tools that can be put in place that assist us in this process. They are: Active Listening I/You Messages Conflict is inevitable. How we respond during conflict is very important. Our choice of words or actions can escalate a bad situation and destroy a relationship. It is essential that we realize that how we say things may be more important than what we say. In the world of youth development, not only do we as professionals have the responsibility of communicating effectively to volunteers, staff, and parents, but we also have the task of being a role model for our youth. Education has just as much to do with what young people see us do as it does with what we teach in our curriculum or activities. Our attitudes go a long way in giving our youth a sense of belonging, generosity, independence and mastery. Conflict management is a vital skill for youth development workers. It is one of the keys to our sustainability. The newest members of our organization are given opportunities to gain a lot of new skills in professional development, conflict management and resolution is not always given as much time as it should be. If we were to conduct interviews of professional who left within the first three years of employment, I believe this would be high on the list. |
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Tuesday 10/27/2009 01:30 PM |
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Using Portfolios in 4-H: Imagine the Possibilities for Authentically Assessing Learning by 4-H Members, Volunteers, and Professionals |
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Presenter |
R Safrit |
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Co-Presenters |
Harriett Edwards |
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Category |
Organizational Systems |
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Difficulty |
Introductory |
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Abstract |
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This hands-on pragmatic seminar will focus upon the use of portfolios to document personal growth and learning among 4-H members, volunteers, and professional staff. According to Johns (1992, p. 10), “Used as an assessment framework, portfolios are systematic collections by students and teachers that serve as the basis to examine effort, improvement, process, and achievement as well as to meet the accountability demands usually achieved by more formal testing procedures.” Since 2002, more than 230 teen 4-H members have submitted portfolios to document their achievement of requisite knowledge and skills as 4-H Ambassadors. Since 2005, approximately 87 4-H teen members have successfully used portfolios to document the teaching, leadership, and teamwork they developed to volunteer as teachers of younger youth in the cross-peer, cross-generational 4-H TRY-IT! program. Since 2003, 167 adult 4-H volunteers have documented their self-mastery of selective knowledge and skills as master volunteers by completing portfolios at four distinct, increasingly challenging levels. And since 2006, all newly-hired county 4-H professionals have submitted portfolios in culmination of the year-long three-session, three-days per session State 4-H New Professionals’ Orientation documenting their competence in the six domains of the national 4-H PRKC model as applied to their real-life county 4-H programs. |
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Tuesday 10/27/2009 01:30 PM |
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Using The Black Box Approach to Transfer Institutional Knowledge |
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Presenter |
Joyce Shriner |
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Co-Presenters |
Sue Sharb |
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Category |
Organizational Systems |
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Difficulty |
Introductory |
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Abstract |
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Investigators rely on an aircraft black box – cockpit voice and flight data recorder – to collect information in the wake of a crash. Keep your program from “crashing” during personnel changes by attending this poster session. Learn about the black box approach to transferring institutional knowledge; see how to organize a black box; and gain valuable ideas from the presenters. |
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Tuesday 10/27/2009 01:30 PM |
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Vaughn Island 4-H Environmental Camp |
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Presenter |
Jonathan Prichard |
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Category |
Youth Development |
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Difficulty |
Introductory |
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Abstract |
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Each summer, over 150 youth participate in Vaughn Island 4-H Environmental Camp on a 40-acre wilderness island. The camp’s mission is to teach Maine youth to be effective and caring citizens of the earth through affordable environmental education and nature-based experiences, and its vision is to create a place where young people learn to live responsibly and in balance with the earth. The program’s curriculum is grounded in “4-H Earth Connections” and includes a strong leadership component, adapted from Outward Bound and University of Maine resources. Recently, the camp has expanded to include arts and geospatial programming. Since 1975, the camp has served 4000 campers and trained 700 Teen Leaders who have contributed over 40,000 hours of community service. This program is replicable in any outdoor, nature settings. Since this is a wilderness camp, there are no building requirements, just a nature setting and a camp supply inventory which can grow over time as the program grows. While the camp is affordable, it also provides an annual operating surplus of $10,000 and these funds are used in supporting broader 4-H programs in the county. The program Camp received the 2005 northeast region NAE4-HA Excellence in Camping Award. |
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Tuesday 10/27/2009 01:30 PM |
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VOLUNTEER MOTIVATION FROM A 4-H LEADERS PERSPECTIVE: FACTORS MOTIVATING ADULTS TO SERVE AS VOLUNTEER LEADERS FOR THE 4-H YOUTH DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM AT THE UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND COOPERATIVE EXTENSION |
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Presenter |
Lisa Dennis |
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Category |
Volunteerism |
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Difficulty |
Introductory |
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Abstract |
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Extension must continually recruit new individuals to serve as 4-H volunteers in order to continue to effectively meet the needs of the potential youth audience. Volunteer recruitment has become a necessary driving force behind all successful volunteer-based organizations, including Extension and 4-H, and is thus being emphasized by Maryland Cooperative Extension leadership. Understanding what motivates individuals to volunteer is considered a key to effective volunteer recruitment. Knowing what actually motivates adults who volunteer for 4-H enables volunteer managers to optimize marketing strategies and better attract volunteers. Therefore, extending their ability to recruit, train, and maintain a volunteer leader workforce. Maryland Cooperative Extension adult volunteer leaders were surveyed to discover what factors motivate them to serve the 4-H program. The survey results assist MCE faculty and staff to learn ways to continue to motivate current volunteers and to develop effective marketing campaigns that will target new adult volunteer leaders. Specific areas that the study addressed were factors for enhancing volunteer capacities within at-risk audience. The strategies learned by Maryland Cooperative Extension are adaptable and can be applied to and utilized by other similar outreach programs |
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Tuesday 10/27/2009 01:30 PM |
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Wonderful Wired World: Making the Most of Communication Options |
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Presenter |
Donielle Inskeep - Axline |
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Co-Presenters |
Leeann Boyce |
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Category |
Youth Program Development |
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Difficulty |
Introductory |
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Abstract |
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Designed as a five-part series, “Wonderful Wired World” brings professionals and parents to a level of comfort and confidence in using the technology that is second nature to teens but may seem daunting to any adult. Through the development of a five-part series, the program is designed to reach all parties that may deal with youth as well as help acclimate youth with important information regarding internet safety. The five programs are: ~Join The Quest - Introduction to Communicating with Computers & Text Chatting ~Moving Forward - Making Internet Use a Daily Practice ~Working Together - How To Approach Internet Use With Teens ~Finding A Balance - Effective Internet Communication With Teens In A Safe Manner ~Taking It To Heart – Moral Dilemmas and Questions Regarding Internet Knowledge By bridging the gap between the technological savvy of teens versus adults, and by practicing safe internet and phone use, the lines of communication between youth and adults are more open. Though this technology is available now, it is being used in varying ways by the teens who are the experts. |
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Tuesday 10/27/2009 01:30 PM |
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"Youth in Governance Best Practices Program Showcase" |
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Presenter |
Macy Compton |
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Co-Presenters |
Barbara Baker |
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Category |
Youth Development |
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Difficulty |
Introductory |
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Abstract |
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Youth in Governance, as defined by the National 4-H Initiative, refers to the authentic and meaningful engagement of young people in programs, organizations, and communities, where they have or share voice, influence, and decision-making authority. As fully engaged participants, leaders, and decision-makers, these young people will have immediate and lasting impacts on their organizations and communities. As 4-H youth development professionals, we must be intentional when working with youth. We need to encourage them to use their knowledge and skills to perpetuate stronger clubs, communities and organizations. We have a variety of opportunities and diverse experience that we can share with them to ensure success when dealing with issues that affect their lives. The NAE4-HA Power of Youth Award, created in 2001, recognizes outstanding programs that engage and empower youth to take active decision-making roles in issues that can affect youth, adults or their community. ~ Sponsored by National 4-H Council. The Beyond Youth Leadership Grant, initiated in 2003, is given to an individual or team as a capacity building grant for the study and/or development of a new or expansion of an existing program that empowers youth. The program should exemplify youth and adult partnerships that engage young people in the decisions that impact their club, community, country or world. One monetary award of $1,000 is awarded to the national winner. ~ Sponsored by National 4-H Council. |
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